A p-value represents:
✓ Correct Answer: Option B
P-value: probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as observed, assuming H0 is true. Small p-value (< α typically 0.05) → reject H0. Does NOT equal probability H0 is false.
P-value: probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as observed, assuming H0 is true. Small p-value (< α typically 0.05) → reject H0. Does NOT equal probability H0 is false.